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发信人: hugemouse (爱谁是谁), 信区: Green
标 题: 中国的军力现状(二)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年07月30日12:58:42 星期一), 站内信件
中国的军力现状(二)
Frank W Moore
CHINA'S CONVENTIONAL FORCES 中国的常规军力
China maintains one of the largest militaries in the world, based on its inv
entory of major weapon systems.(4) However, the bulk of China's holdings are
old in both physical age and technology. Many weapon systems which came int
o service in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s remain in the inventory today; and
all of those systems use 1950s-era technology originally imported from the S
oviet Union. While China is modernizing its conventional forces, the new sys
tems are entering are a low rate compared with the overall size of the older
forces. As a
result over the next decade, as the oldest weapon systems are fully retired,
the size of China's conventional forces will shrink dramatically.
从其部署的主要武器系统数量来看,中国拥有世界上规模最大的军事力量之一【4】。
但是,中国庞大的武库不论从使用年限还是从技术水平来说都已经非常陈旧。许多自五
十年代、六十年代和七十年代就开始服役的武器系统至今还在使用之中,并且这些武器
系统使用的都还是五十年代从苏联引进的技术。中国正在实现常规军力的现代化,新武
器开始加入现役,但相对于陈旧的武装力量的总体规模而言,其速度是相当低的。经过
未来十年的发展,当所有的老式武器都完全退役之后,中国的常规军力规模将可能会有
大幅度的缩减。
Ground Forces and Tanks 地面部队和坦克
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is moving toward an overall reduction and
reorganization of personnel and equipment with the goal of creating a more
modern and mobile army. In 2000, the total esti
mated personnel strength of the Chinese military is 2.5 million, of which 1.
8 million are in service with the PLA (ground forces). The ground forces are
divided into 7 military regions with 27 military districts. Within the 7 mi
litary regions lie 21 Group Armies, each
containing about 60,000 personnel. The Group Armies contain among them 44 in
fantry divisions, 13 infantry brigades, 10 armored divisions, 12 armored bri
gades, 5 artillery divisions, 20 artillery brigades, and 7 helicopter regime
nts. In addition, 5 infantry divisions, 2 infantry brigades, 1 armored briga
de, 1 artillery division, 3 artillery brigades, and 3 anti-aircraft artiller
y (AAA) brigades are independent elements of the PLA not assigned to any spe
cific Group Army. There are also three airborne divisions, which are manned
by the PLAAF.(5)
中国人民解放军(PLA)正在走向总体的人员和装备的裁减和重组过程,其目标是建
立一支更加现代化,更加机动的陆军。据估计2000年中国的武装力量总数是250
万人,其中有180万人在解放军陆军服役。地面部队被分为7个军区和27个军分区
。7大军区内部署着21个集团军,每个集团军有大约6万人。这些集团军下辖有44
个步兵师,13个步兵旅,10个装甲师,12个装甲旅,5个炮兵师,20个炮兵旅
,7个直升机团。此外还有5个步兵师,2个步兵旅,1个装甲旅,1个炮兵师,3个
炮兵旅,3个防空高炮旅为独立部队,不隶属于任何集团军。另外还有3个空中机动师
归属于解放军空军控制【5】。
There are also numerous reserve and paramilitary units, some of which do not
fall under the direct control of the PLA. The PLA reserve component has abo
ut 1.2 million personnel divided into 50 infantry, artillery, and air-defens
e divisions. In addition, approximately 1.1 million personnel serve in the P
eople's Armed Police, which includes internal security and border defense fo
rces under the control of the Ministry of Defense. The People's Armed Police
is organized into 45 divisions. The reserve forces and the
People's Armed Police are expected to increase in size in the near future as
active units are shifted to reserve status under China's modernization and
restructuring plan.(6)
还有不少预备役部队和准军事部队,其中一些并不直接接受解放军的指挥。解放军预备
役部队有大约120万人,编为50个步兵师、炮兵师和防空师。另外,大约有110
万人在人民武装警察部队服役,该部队包括内务安全部队和边防部队,归属于国防部领
导(此处明显有误--译者),有大约45个师的兵力。根据中国军队的现代化和结构
调整计划,一些现役部队将转变为预备役,因此预计未来预备役部队和武警部队的规模
将会扩大。
China's tank inventory has numbered around 10,000 for three decades. IDDS es
timates the size of China's tank force as of 1 January 2000 at 10,100. (See
Chart 1.) Over the past 30 years, most Soviet World War II-vintage tanks (th
e T-34/85 and the IS-2) have been retired. Initially, these were replaced wi
th large numbers of Soviet T-54/-55s and Chinese-produced versions of the T-
54/-55 (Types 59/69/79). Of these, the Type 59 was the most common, with ove
r 8,000
built for the PLA. Production of the Type 59 began in the late 1950s and pro
bably continued into the early 1980s. The subsequent models, Type 69 and Typ
e 79, made their first public appearances in 1982 and 1984, respectively; bu
t despite being produced nearly 30 years after the original Type 59, they we
re not much more capable than their predecessor.
中国在三十年的时间内装备了大约一万辆坦克。IDDS估计中国截止到2000年1
月1日的坦克数量是10,100辆。在过去的三十多年时间里,大部分苏联二次大战
时制造的坦克(T-34/85型和IS-2型)都已经退役。这些坦克最初由大量的
苏制T-54/55型坦克及其中国生产型号(59式/69式/79式)取代。其中
59式是最常见的,为解放军生产了大约8千辆。59式的生产始于五十年代末,并可
能一直持续到八十年代初。其后续型号,69式和79式分别于82年和84年首次公
开露面。尽管这些坦克是在其原型59式30年之后生产制造的,但却并不比它们的前
辈强多少。
In 1988, the Type 80 was ready for production. The Type 80 represented China
first major break from the original T-54/-55 design. It features a computer
ized fire-control system, a laser range-finder, a gun stabilizer, better sus
pension and power plant, and night-fighting equipment. The tank currently in
production is the Type 85-II/III, which was introduced in the early 1990s a
s a further
development of the Type 80. In addition to the Type 80 electronic and power
plant improvements, the Type 85 has an automatic loading system, which reduc
es the crew to from 4 to 3. The most recent design to come out of China is t
he Type 90-II, first revealed in late 1991, which resembles the Russian T-72
and is believed to be similar in performance. The Type 90-II has yet to ent
er full production, and it is not expected to do so in the near future for P
LA service.(7)
1988年,80式坦克开始进入生产。80式代表了中国对于苏联T-54/55型
坦克设计的首次突破。其特点是装备有计算机化的火控系统、激光测距仪、火炮稳定器
、更好的悬挂系统和发动机、以及夜战设备。目前正在生产的型号是九十年代初出现的
80式的改进型号85II型和III型。除了80式坦克在电子设备和发动机方面的
改进之外,该坦克还装有自动装弹系统,从而使坦克乘员从四人减到三人。中国最近公
布的坦克型号是90II型,最早于1991年底公开,类似于俄罗斯的T-72坦克
,相信其性能也与之近似。90II型还没有开始量产,估计解放军在近期的将来也不
会这样做【7】。
China also has a nearly 2,000 light tanks. Again, these tanks are copies of
old Soviet models: the Type 62 is a scaled down version of the Type 59, whil
e the Type 63 is based on the Soviet amphibious PT-76. Both entered producti
on in China in the early 1960s.
中国还有大约2千辆轻型坦克。同样地,这些坦克也是老式苏联型号的翻版:62式是
59式的缩小型,63式是从苏联的PT-76水陆坦克发展而来。两者都于六十年代
初开始量产。
The active Chinese tank inventory may be smaller than the 10,100 holdings es
timated by IDDS. With production having started before 1960, many of the 6,0
00 Type 59s still in service could be over 40 years old. Many are probably n
ot operational due to poor construction and maintenance. In fact, China's hi
story of poor maintenance may also put into question the operational status
of some of its newer equipment as well. In any event, as a product of the ne
w Chinese military strategy and the higher tank cost per unit, China seems t
o be replacing older systems on a less than one-for-one basis, moving slowly
towards a much smaller, and somewhat more modern force. China may eventuall
y mass produce the Type 90-II, instead of the Type 85-II/-III, for replacing
the bulk of its older tanks. Alternatively, China may be working on an even
more advanced tank model, which would further reduce the gap in technical c
apabilities compared with Western tank designs.
中国坦克的实际在役数目可能比IDDS估计的10,100辆要少。目前正在服役的
6千辆59式中有许多是六十年代生产的,已经有40年以上的年龄。由于其低劣的生
产质量和缺乏良好的保养,许多可能已经不能使用了。事实上,中国在武器保养方面的
恶劣记录甚至使一些相对较新的装备的使用情况都成了问题。无论如何,做为军事战略
更新和受坦克单价上升因素影响的产物,中国似乎正在以低于一比一的比例替换老式装
备,从而逐渐地走向一支规模更小,并且某种程度上更现代化的军队。中国最终也许会
大批量生产90II型,而不是85II/III型坦克来取代其大量的老式坦克。另
外中国甚至也可能在发展一种更先进的坦克型号,以此来缩短同西方坦克设计在技术上
的差距。
Air Forces and Combat Aircraft 空军和作战飞机
The People's Liberation Army Air Force, PLAAF, currently possesses about 4,3
50 aircraft, of which the majority are combat aircraft. IDDS estimates that
the inventory of Chinese combat aircraft on 1 January 2000 includes the foll
owing: 1900 J-6/MiG-19 (all roles and models: fighter, reconnaissance, train
er); 720 J-7/MiG-21 (all roles and models: fighter, reconnaissance, trainer)
; 222
J-8I/II/III; 55 J-11/Su-27SK; 440 Q-5 (modified MiG-19); 307 H-5/Il-28; and
142 H-6/Tu-16.8 Small numbers of JH-7s (fewer than 12) and K-8s (10-15) may
also be in service. Of these aircraft, the great majority (J-6 and J-7) are
of types which began to be deployed before 1972 (See Chart 2.) With the exce
ption of 10 Il-76s, the airlift capabilities of the Chinese Airforce are lim
ited to old Soviet tactical airlift planes built under license or reversed-e
ngineered in
China, such as the Y-5/An-2, Y-7/An-24, and Y-8/An-12.
中国人民解放军空军目前拥有大约4350架飞机,其中大部分是作战飞机,据IDD
S估计,截止到2000年1月1日中国拥有的作战飞机包括:1900架歼六和米格
-19(包括各种用途的型号:战斗机、侦察机、教练机);1900架歼七和米格-
21(包括各种用途的型号:战斗机、侦察机、教练机);222架歼八I/II/I
II型;55架苏-27SK(歼十一);440架强五(米格-19改进型);30
7架轰五和伊尔-28;142架轰六和图-16。少量的歼轰七(少于12架)和K
-8(10~15架)也许也在服役。在这些型号中,占绝大多数的(歼六和歼七)是
1972年以前就开始服役的型号。除了10架伊尔-76型运输机之外,中国空军的
空运能力仅限于老式苏联飞机的中国专利生产或测绘仿制型号,例如运五(安-2)、
运七(安-24)、运八(安-12)。
Much confusion exists as to the direction China will take in the future rega
rding combat aircraft acquisition. The Chinese government has made a priorit
y of the development of a local aerospace industry capable of producing tech
nologically advanced aircraft. However, the results produced by the Chinese
aircraft industry to date have not been promising. Despite decades of work,
the only original combat aircraft to be designed and produced in China are t
he J-8 and JH-7, both of which took so long to develop that by the time they
entered
service, they were already obsolete by Western standards. The newer J-10, wh
ich has been in development for twenty years, probably won't enter service f
or another five years.
未来中国获取作战飞机的来源方向还存在着迷惑。中国政府把发展能够生产技术先进的
飞机的本国航空工业放在了首要的位置。但是,迄今为止中国航空工业所取得的成绩并
非十分理想。尽管经过几十年的努力,中国唯一设计成功并进入量产的飞机型号是歼八
和歼轰七,两者的研制都花费了如此长的时间,以至于当它们开始服役的时候,按照西
方的标准它们已经过时了。更新的歼十战斗机已经研制了20年,但可能在未来的五年
之内都不会开始服役。
China is by no means unique in this respect. Except for the five largest ind
ustrial arms producers (the USA, Russia, Britain, France, and Germany), othe
r countries that have attempted to produce indigenously designed combat airc
raft, such as Israel, South Africa, India, Taiwan, and South Korea, have aba
ndoned these efforts and returned to importing systems from one of the five
main producers. The basic reason is that the economies of scale required to
finance
research, development, and production of all the systems and sub-systems tha
t make up today frontline combat aircraft are not available to smaller indus
trial countries nor to large developing countries with smaller GNPs and smal
ler industrial bases. (In fact, for this reason, Russia is lagging increasin
gly behind the West in most areas of military technology.)(9)
毫无疑问,中国在这方面是独树一帜的。除了全球五大军事工业国家(美、俄、英、法
、德)之外,其它试图发展国产战机的国家,如以色列、南非、印度、台湾、和南韩,
都最终放弃了努力并转向从五大军事工业国之一进口。其基本原因是:发展今日的尖端
战机的所有系统和子系统所需要的经济规模既不是小型工业国家也不是国民生产总值较
小的发展中大国所具备的。(事实上,正是因为这个原因,俄罗斯现在开始在所有的军
事技术领域落后于西方国家)【9】。
As a result of the inability of the Chinese aircraft industry to produce ind
igenously designed, technologically advanced combat aircraft, the Chinese go
vernment has partially reversed its policy of relying on domestic arms produ
ction and has renewed imports of combat aircraft from Russia specifically, S
u-27s and Su-30s in small numbers. Over the next decade, China will produce
Su-27s, with the Chinese designation J-11, under license from Russia. Up to
200 Su-27s may be built, but the total may be curtailed if China obtains lic
ensing rights to the Su-30, which offers several technological advances over
the Su-27. China currently plans to buy 30-60 Su-30MKs.10 In addition, Chin
a will continue to pursue its own aviation projects. Production of the lates
t model of the J-8 will continue in small batches. The JH-7 may also be prod
uced in greater numbers, if PLAAF or PLAN can find a role for the aircraft i
n their inventories.
The J-10 is scheduled to enter service around 2005 with initial reports of e
xpected production up to 300 aircraft (depending in part on the progress of
the Su-27 program). In any case, the J-10 and the J-11/Su-27 are expected to
form the mainstay of the Chinese Air Force in the early 21st century.
由于中国航空工业无法制造出性能先进的国产作战飞机,中国政府已经部分地改变了完
全依赖国产装备的政策,并且重新开始从俄罗斯进口作战飞机,具体讲就是少量的苏-
27和苏-30。在未来的十年里,中国将以从俄罗斯获得专利生产的方式制造苏-2
7战斗机,其国产型号是歼十一。苏-27的产量可能多达200架,但如果中国又获
得了比苏-27有不少技术进步的苏-30的专利生产许可,其总数也有可能减少。中
国目前计划购买30~60架苏-30MK。此外,中国将会继续努力发展自己的航空
计划。最新型的歼八将会继续小批量生产。如果解放军海军和空军在其机群中为歼轰七
找到合适的用途,它可能也会大量生产。歼十将会于2005年左右开始服役,最初报
告预计其产量为300架(部分取决于苏-27项目的进展)。不管怎样,歼十和歼十
一(苏-27)将会构成二十一世纪初中国空军的主力阵容。
Of great significance is China's plan to buy one-to-four AWAC aircraft from
Israel.11 If China purchases just one copy of the aircraft, which is an insu
fficient number for operational use, it will still provide an opportunity fo
r the PLAAF to experience the use of airborne command and control. China is
also making progress in in-flight refueling, and several H-6/Tu-16 bombers a
nd Y-8/An-12 transports have been converted to tankers. As is the case for A
WAC
aircraft, more acquisitions of tankers will be needed if China seeks to obta
in the capability to conduct combat aircraft operations at any distance from
its own territory.
中国目前最重要的计划是从以色列购买1~4架空中预警指挥机。如果中国仅仅购买一
架飞机,其数量远不够实际作战的需要,但它仍然将为解放军空军提供体验使用空中预
警和指挥战术的机会。中国也在空中加油技术方面获得进展,几架轰六(图-16)和
运八(安-12)已经被改装为空中加油机。和预警机的情况一样,如果中国打算在其
领土以外任意远的地点获得遂行空中作战任务的能力,它就必须获得数量更多的加油机
。
作者:Frank W Moore防务与裁军研究学院(Institute for Defense and Disarmament
Studies)研究员
翻译:万维防务评论
摘自:万维防务评论
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