Green 版 (精华区)
发信人: hugemouse (爱谁是谁), 信区: Green
标 题: 中国的军力现状(三)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年07月30日12:59:18 星期一), 站内信件
中国的军力现状(三)
Frank W Moore
Naval Vessels 海军舰艇
Submarines: China embarked on a large submarine building program in the 1960
s, which tapered-off in the late 1980s, which included many diesel-electric
patrol submarines and some nuclear powered submarines. Many of the diesel-el
ectric submarines from that construction period are now in reserve. Recently
, construction and acquisition of new submarines has begun to intensify. In
the near future, China's submarine fleet is expected to be smaller, but more
modern.
潜艇:中国自六十年代起着手开始了一项包括许多柴电动力潜艇和一些核潜艇在内的庞
大潜艇建造计划,该计划在八十年代末逐渐停止下来。许多在那个时期建造的柴电动力
潜艇现在已经转为预备役。最近一段时间,新型潜艇的建造和采购开始密集起来。在不
久的将来,中国的潜艇舰队将会变的规模更小,但更加现代化。
For most of its history, the People Army Liberation Navy (PLAN) submarine fl
eet has consisted of small coastal patrol submarines and domestically produc
ed versions of the Soviet 'Romeo' class sub. Initially lacking any real ASW
capability, the Chinese 'Romeo' class (Type 033) is now outclassed by nearly
every ASW system deployed by China's neighbors. In all, 73 Romeos were buil
t for use by China between 1962 and 1987.12 Of these about 38 remain in acti
ve duty,
although they may only go out to sea a few days per year. Another 30 are in
varying conditions of reserve status. One Romeo was modified to carry six YJ
-1 (C-801) anti-ship missiles, but it must surface to fire them.
在其历史上的大多数时候,中国人民解放军海军的潜艇舰队由小型的海岸巡逻潜艇以及
国产型号的苏联“罗密欧”级潜艇组成。本来就缺乏反潜战能力的“罗密欧”级(03
3型)现在已经被中国的邻国所部署的任何一种反潜系统所超越。从1962年到19
87年12月总共为中国海军建造了73艘罗密欧级潜艇,其中有大约38艘目前仍然
保持现役状态,尽管它们每年仅仅出海几天时间。另外有30艘状况不同的潜艇处于预
备役状态。有一艘罗密欧级潜艇被改装为携带六枚“鹰击一号”(C-801)反舰导
弹,但必须浮到水面发射。
In the 1970s, China embarked on a program to domestically produce submarines
of its own design. The first of these was the 'Ming' class (Type 035), prod
uced from 1971 to 1979, with production resuming again in 1987. The Mings ar
e not much better in capability than their Romeo predecessors, although they
are of newer construction. Submarines of the Song (Type 039) follow-on clas
s are slighter larger than the Ming and incorporate streamlined hull for bet
ter submerged performance. The first Song was commissioned in 1999, and two
more are now under construction. Later models may incorporate design feature
s from the Kilos. The Song class may be fitted with a version of the C-801 o
r C-802 anti-ship missile that is capable of submerged launch. In addition,
China has purchased 4 Kilo class submarines from Russia. Additional purchase
s of Kilos or the newer 'Amur' class from Russia may depend on the progress
of the Song class.
在七十年代,中国开始了国产设计潜艇的大批量建造计划。其中第一种是“明”级(0
35型),生产于1971年到1979年之间,并于1987年再次恢复生产。尽管
明级的结构更新,但在作战能力方面明级并不比其前辈好很多。随后的宋级(039型
)比明略大,采用流线型外壳以获得更好的减噪性能。第一艘宋级于1999年交付使
用,另有两艘正在建造之中,后期型号可能会借鉴采用基洛级潜艇的某些设计。宋级潜
艇可能装备了具备水下发射能力型号的C-801或C-802反舰导弹。此外,中国
还从俄罗斯购买了四艘基洛级潜艇。更多的基洛级或者更新型的“阿穆尔”级潜艇的采
购计划取决于宋级工程的进展情况。
Like China's effort with the Xia SSBN, China's first attempt to domestically
produce a nuclear-powered attack submarine produced disappointing results.
The 'Han' class (Type 091) first entered service in 1974. Again, power plant
problems plagued the class, and the next ship in the class was not commissi
oned until 1980. The fifth and final ship did not enter service until 1990.
Despite their problems, which may have been fixed, and the long delays in co
nstruction, China seems committed to deploying the five subs built. The foll
ow-on Type 093 class is expected to build on the experience from the Han cla
ss and on assistance from Russian submarine builders. The class will be simi
lar in capability to the Russian Victor III, first deployed in 1978. The fir
st Type 093 is scheduled to enter service in 2004.
正如夏级导弹核潜艇一样,中国对自行建造攻击型核动力潜艇的尝试结果是令人失望的
。“汉”级(091型)于1974年开始服役。同样地,这级潜艇也饱受核反应堆的
问题的折磨,该级的下一艘潜艇直到1980年才开始服役。第五艘和最后一艘一直到
1990年才服役。尽这些潜艇问题重重(有可能已经被解决),以及建造中的长期延
迟,中国似乎还是部署了建成潜艇中的5艘。预计后续093型的建造将会基于汉级的
建造经验以及俄罗斯潜艇技术人员的帮助。该级潜艇的性能将会与俄罗斯于1978年
首次部署的维克多III型核潜艇相似。第一艘093型按计划将在2004年开始服
役。
Surface Warships: Since the 1972, the number of ships and overall tonnage of
China surface combatants has increased at a steady rate. The increase is ex
pected to continue for the next five years, but may decline after that if no
new construction or acquisition programs are undertaken. (See Chart 4.)The
most recent additions to the Chinese Navy are two Russian-built 'Sovremenny'
class destroyers. These ships, the first of which was delivered in February
2000, are the largest and most powerful surface warships ever operated by t
he Chinese Navy. Their most formidable weapon is the SS-N-22 Sunburn superso
nic sea-skimming ASM, of which eight are carried. The Sovremenny is also arm
ed with the SA-N-7 'Gadfly', which will give China a limited naval air-defen
se capability. Up to now, China has possessed only short-ranged SAMs of Fren
ch or domestic design.
水面战舰:自1972年以来,中国水面作战舰艇的数目和总吨位以稳定的速度上升。
这种上升预计还将再持续五年的时间,但之后可能将下降,如果没有更新的舰艇建造和
购买计划付诸实施。中国海军最新的扩军是两艘俄罗斯建造的“现代”级驱逐舰。这些
军舰是中国海军曾经操纵过的最大、最有威力的军舰,其中第一艘于2000年2月交
付使用。这些军舰最令人敬畏的武器是其携带的8枚SS-N-22“日炙”超音速掠
海反舰导弹。现代级还装备有SA-N-7“牛虻”防空导弹,它们能够给予中国海军
有限的海上防空能力。到目前为止,中国还只拥有短程的法制或国产型号防空导弹。
The newest Chinese-built destroyers are two 6,000 ton 'Luhai' class. The fir
st ship of the class entered service in late 1999, and the second is expecte
d to enter service in 2000. Two more are planned with commissioning dates in
2002 and 2003.
中国建造的最新型的驱逐舰是6000吨的“旅海”级。该级的第一艘于1999年年
底服役,第二艘预计于2000年服役。另外2艘的计划服役日期是2002年和20
03年。
China operates 18 other destroyers of two principle classes. The 4,200 ton '
Luhu' class was the basis for the 'Luhai' class.Two ships were built, with c
ommissioning dates in 1994 and 1996, respectively, although they were origin
ally ordered in 1985.(Construction was delayed to allow for completion of a
frigate order from the Thai Navy.) The Luhus are armed with 8 C-802 ASMs, a
domestically built Crotale SAM launcher, which France provided copies of in
the 1980s, ASW torpedoes and mortars, and many guns. They are also capable o
f
carrying 2 Harbin Zhi-9A helicopters, which are used for ASW and anti-ship m
issions.
中国还运行着另外两大级别的18艘驱逐舰。4200吨的“旅沪”级是“旅海”级原
型,一共建造了2艘,尽管它们在1985年就被订购,但分别于1994年和199
6年才服役(建造计划被推迟以便完成泰国海军的护卫舰订单)。旅沪级装备了八枚C
-802反舰导弹;一个国产的“响尾蛇”防空导弹发射架,其原型是法国在八十年代
提供的;反潜鱼雷和火箭发射器;以及许多火炮。它们还能够携带两架哈尔滨的直九直
升机,用于执行反潜和反舰任务。
The largest class of destroyers is the 16 'Luda' I/II/III class (3,670-3,730
tons). These ships are armed with 6 C-201 ASMs, ASW torpedoes and mortars,
and a heavy gun armament. The Luda II replaces the aft-most 130 mm and 37 mm
gun turrets with a helicopter pad and hangar. The sole Luda III carries the
C-801 instead of the less capable C-201. Two of the class have been fitted
with a Crotale launcher. Others may be fitted in due course, but priority is
being
given to the construction of additional ships.
数量最大的一级驱逐舰是16艘“旅大”I/II/III级(3679~3730吨
)。这些军舰装备有6枚C-201反舰导弹;反潜鱼雷和火箭;以及重型的火炮。旅
大II级用直升机甲板和机库取代了尾部的130毫米炮塔和37毫米炮塔。唯一的一
艘旅大III级用C-801导弹取代性能较差的C-201导弹。该级中的两艘改装
了一座响尾蛇导弹发射架,其它军舰也应该会进行改装,但新舰的建造被放在了更优先
的位置。
The remaining major surface combatants comprise 37 frigates. As is the case
for the destroyers, the frigates are designed mainly for anti-surface warfar
e and lack any significant self-defense (AAW or ASW) capabilities. The newes
t and most capable frigates are the 6 'Jiangwei' class ships (2,250 tons). T
heir armament is similar to the 'Luhu' class, but with fewer guns and missil
es. They are capable of carrying a single Dauphin helicopter. The first of t
hese ships was laid down in 1990. Three more are now under construction, wit
h 2 more planned.
其余的主要水面战舰包括37艘护卫舰。和驱逐舰的情况一样,这些护卫舰也主要被设
计用来进行反舰作战,并缺乏任何有意义的自我防卫(防空战和反潜战)能力。最新最
有效的护卫舰是6艘“江卫”级军舰(2250吨)。它们的武器装备与旅沪级类似,
但是火炮和导弹的数目较少。它们能够携带一架海豚直升机。这些军舰中的第一艘于1
990年开工建造,另有三艘目前在建造之中,并计划再建造2艘。
There are 31 units of the one other type of frigate in service, the 1,702 to
n 'Jianghu' class. The class has four sub-groups: the Jianghu I (27 in servi
ce) carry 4 C-201 ASMs, 2-4 100 mm guns, plus varying numbers of lighter cal
iber guns; the sole Jianghu II replaces aft armament with a helicopter hange
r; and the 3 Jianghu III/IVs replace the C-201 with 8 C-801 or C-802 ASMs.
此外还有31艘属于另外一种级别的护卫舰正在服役之中,即1702吨的“江湖”级
。该级护卫舰分成四大种类:江湖I级(现役27艘)携带4枚C-201反舰导弹,
2门100毫米炮,外加一些不同口径的轻型火炮;唯一的一艘江湖II级用直升机库
取代了尾部的武器装备;3艘江湖III级和IV级用8枚C-801或C-802取
代了C-201导弹。
Amphibious Assault Ships: China's amphibious assault capabilities are very l
imited. As of 1 January 2000, China has only 49 amphibious assault ships wit
h full displacements of 1,000 tons or more (with three more ships under cons
truction). Of these, 42 are under 2,000 tons, and none is larger than 4,800
tons. Many are quite old, including 3 ex-US Navy LSTs built between 1942 and
1945.
两栖战舰:中国的两栖作战能力非常有限。截止2000年1月1日,中国仅有49艘
满载排水量1000吨以上的两栖战舰(另外还有三艘在建造之中),其中42艘的排
水量在2000吨以下,而且没有一艘超过4800吨。许多军舰已经非常陈旧,包括
3艘于1942年到1945年期间建造的前美国海军登陆舰。
This small fleet size excludes any possibility of China attempting to seize
control of Taiwan by means of an amphibious assault. Moreover, there is no s
ign that China is building or planning to build the larger troop and cargo s
hips which would be necessary for a large-scale attack. Similarly, China's s
mall force
of marines (about 5,000) indicates that an expansion of amphibious assault c
apabilities is not expected.
这支舰队的规模之小使得中国任何通过两栖登陆夺取台湾的企图变为不可能。此外,没
有迹象表明中国正在或计划建造大规模两栖攻击所需的更大型的部队与物资运输舰船。
同样地,中国的小型海军陆战队(大约5000人)表明两栖登陆作战能力的增强是不
太可能的。
Overall, the Navy is gaining the most from recent increases in Chinese milit
ary spending. Potentially the most ambitious naval program is the possible p
urchase or construction of aircraft carriers. If and when China acquires an
aircraft carrier for active deployment, it will probably be a conventional t
ake-off and landing (CTOL) type, since China does not have access to vertica
l and short
take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft, such as the British Sea Harrier. The
smallest CTOL carrier currently in service is the Brazilian Minas Gerais, a
t 20,000 tons. However, China would probably want to use its new Su-27/J-11
and possibly J-10 fighters on any carrier, which would require a flight-deck
longer than that on the Brazilian ships. Current estimates place the size o
f the needed ship at 45,000 to 50,000 tons, which would put it in the same c
ategory as the Russian Kuznetsov or the French Charles de Gaulle.14 Russian
design assistance has been sought for the Chinese carrier program and China
has studied the ex-Australian carrier Melbourne, which it was towed to China
for scrap.15 China also purchased the ex-Soviet carrier Kiev in May 2000. C
hina is expected to deploy a carrier capable of carrying 24 fighter planes p
lus helicopters in the support role. The ship is likely to be conventionally
powered, since China has limited experience with nuclear power in submarine
s only. According to press reports, the first Chinese carrier could be in se
rvice by 2005, with a second in service by 2009. Additional carriers could f
ollow every three years.(16)
总之,海军获得了中国近年来军费支出增加的大部分份额。潜在的最雄心勃勃的海军计
划是购买或者建造航空母舰的可能性。由于中国不能获得类似于英国“海鹞”式之类的
垂直起降战斗机,如果中国获得了一艘用于实际部署的航空母舰,那么它很可能将是一
艘常规起降类型。目前世界上在役的最小的常规起降型航母是巴西海军的Minas G
erais号,排水量20000吨。但是,中国可能会希望在其航母上使用新型的苏
-27/歼十一型,可能还有歼十型战斗机,这就需要比巴西航母更长的飞行甲板。目
前估计需要大约45000~50000吨的水平,从而使其与俄罗斯的库兹聂佐夫级
和法国的戴高乐级航母处于同一水准。中国的航母项目向俄罗斯寻求帮助,中国还研究
了原属于澳大利亚并被拖往中国用于拆除的“墨尔本”号航空母舰。中国还于2000
年5月购买了前苏联“基辅”号航母。预计中国建造的航母将能够携带24架战斗机,
以及用于支援的直升机。由于中国仅仅在潜艇方面拥有有限的核动力技术经验,该舰可
能会使用常规动力。根据新闻界的报道,中国的第一艘航母将在2005年服役,第二
艘将在2009年服役,此后每三年会建造一艘新航母【16】。
China also plans to strengthen its surface fleet through the purchase of add
itional destroyer from Russia: In addition to the two "off the shelf" Sovrem
ennys already bought, China plans to acquire two more Sovremenny DDGs with m
odifications. The delivery dates are unknown.(17)
中国也计划通过从俄罗斯购买驱逐舰来加强其水面舰队。除了已经购买的两艘“现成”
的现代级之外,中国计划增购另外两艘改进的现代级,其具体交货日期不详【17】。
作者:Frank W Moore防务与裁军研究学院(Institute for Defense and Disarmament
Studies)研究员
翻译:万维防务评论
摘自:万维防务评论
--
我是一只大老鼠
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 172.16.6.204]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:201.523毫秒